Anne Kathryn Churchland

Title(s)Professor, Neurobiology
SchoolMedicine
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    University of California, San FranciscoPhD11/2003Neuroscience

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    Understanding how brains makes decisions is critical for gaining insight into complex cognition. When making decisions, humans and animals can flexibly integrate multiple sources of information before committing to action. The ability to flexibly use incoming information distinguishes decisions from reflexes, offering a tractable entry point into more complex cognitive processes defined by flexibility, such as abstract thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

    In my laboratory, we investigate the neural circuits underlying decision-making. We measure and manipulate neurons in cortical and subcortical areas while animals make decisions about sensory signals. To connect the neural responses with behavior, we use mathematical analyses aimed at understanding what information is represented at the level of neural populations, both at a given moment and over time. Understanding neural population activity will bolster our long term goal: to determine how the brain can make decisions that integrate inputs from our multiple senses, stored memories and innate impulses.

    In addition, I hold the Arnold B. Scheibel, M.D. Chair for Brain Research.
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    State-dependent Decision-making in Brainwide Neural Circuits
    NIH U19NS123716Aug 15, 2021 - Jul 31, 2026
    Role: Co-Principal Investigator
    Leveraging multisensory decisions to understand brain wide decision circuits
    NIH R01EY022979Mar 1, 2013 - Apr 30, 2022
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Complex decisions and the brain: an experimental and theoretical approach
    NIH R00EY019072Sep 1, 2010 - Aug 31, 2013
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Complex decisions and the brain: an experimental and theoretical approach
    NIH K99EY019072Sep 30, 2008 - Aug 31, 2010
    Role: Principal Investigator

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    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    1. Large scale, simultaneous, chronic neural recordings from multiple brain areas. bioRxiv. 2024 Jun 25. Melin MD, Khanal A, Vasquez M, Ryan MB, Churchland AK, Couto J. PMID: 38187681; PMCID: PMC10769364.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    2. Interactive data exploration websites for large-scale electrophysiology. bioRxiv. 2024 Jun 14. Birman D, Chapuis G, Faulkner M, Rossant C, International Brain Laboratory, Benson J, Catarino JA, Churchland AK, Hu F, Huntenburg JM, Khanal A, Krasniak C, Lau PYP, Meijer GT, Miska NJ, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Roth N, Schartner M, Socha KZ, Steinmetz NA, Urai AE, Wells MJ, West SJ, Winter O. PMID: 38915704; PMCID: PMC11195081.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    3. Spontaneous movements and their impact on neural activity fluctuate with latent engagement states. bioRxiv. 2024 May 14. Yin C, Melin MD, Rojas-Bowe G, Sun XR, Couto J, Gluf S, Kostiuk A, Musall S, Churchland AK. PMID: 37425720; PMCID: PMC10327038.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    4. An adaptable, reusable, and light implant for chronic Neuropixels probes. bioRxiv. 2024 Apr 17. Bimbard C, Takács F, Catarino JA, Fabre JMJ, Gupta S, Lenzi SC, Melin MD, O'Neill N, Orsolic I, Robacha M, Street JS, Teixeira J, Townsend S, van Beest EH, Zhang AM, Churchland AK, Duan CA, Harris KD, Kullmann DM, Lignani G, Mainen ZF, Margrie TW, Rochefort NL, Wikenheiser AM, Carandini M, Coen P. PMID: 37577563; PMCID: PMC10418246.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    5. From innate to instructed: A new look at perceptual decision-making. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2024 Jun; 86:102871. Oesch LT, Ryan MB, Churchland AK. PMID: 38569230; PMCID: PMC11162954.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    6. DREDge: robust motion correction for high-density extracellular recordings across species. bioRxiv. 2023 Oct 29. Windolf C, Yu H, Paulk AC, Meszéna D, Muñoz W, Boussard J, Hardstone R, Caprara I, Jamali M, Kfir Y, Xu D, Chung JE, Sellers KK, Ye Z, Shaker J, Lebedeva A, Raghavan M, Trautmann E, Melin M, Couto J, Garcia S, Coughlin B, Horváth C, Fiáth R, Ulbert I, Movshon JA, Shadlen MN, Churchland MM, Churchland AK, Steinmetz NA, Chang EF, Schweitzer JS, Williams ZM, Cash SS, Paninski L, Varol E. PMID: 37961359; PMCID: PMC10634799.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    7. Catalyzing next-generation Artificial Intelligence through NeuroAI. Nat Commun. 2023 03 22; 14(1):1597. Zador A, Escola S, Richards B, Ölveczky B, Bengio Y, Boahen K, Botvinick M, Chklovskii D, Churchland A, Clopath C, DiCarlo J, Ganguli S, Hawkins J, Körding K, Koulakov A, LeCun Y, Lillicrap T, Marblestone A, Olshausen B, Pouget A, Savin C, Sejnowski T, Simoncelli E, Solla S, Sussillo D, Tolias AS, Tsao D. PMID: 36949048; PMCID: PMC10033876.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    8. A modular architecture for organizing, processing and sharing neurophysiology data. Nat Methods. 2023 03; 20(3):403-407. International Brain Laboratory, Bonacchi N, Chapuis GA, Churchland AK, DeWitt EEJ, Faulkner M, Harris KD, Huntenburg JM, Hunter M, Laranjeira IC, Rossant C, Sasaki M, Schartner MM, Shen S, Steinmetz NA, Walker EY, West SJ, Winter O, Wells MJ. PMID: 36864199; PMCID: PMC7614641.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    9. Fastest-ever calcium sensors broaden the potential of neuronal imaging. Nature. 2023 03; 615(7954):804-805. Ryan MB, Churchland AK, Gong Y, Baker C. PMID: 36922656.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    10. Pyramidal cell types drive functionally distinct cortical activity patterns during decision-making. Nat Neurosci. 2023 03; 26(3):495-505. Musall S, Sun XR, Mohan H, An X, Gluf S, Li SJ, Drewes R, Cravo E, Lenzi I, Yin C, Kampa BM, Churchland AK. PMID: 36690900; PMCID: PMC9991922.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    11. Choice selective inhibition drives stability and competition in decision circuits. Nat Commun. 2023 01 10; 14(1):147. Roach JP, Churchland AK, Engel TA. PMID: 36627310; PMCID: PMC9832138.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    12. The implications of categorical and category-free mixed selectivity on representational geometries. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2022 12; 77:102644. Kaufman MT, Benna MK, Rigotti M, Stefanini F, Fusi S, Churchland AK. PMID: 36332415.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    13. Correction: Standardized and reproducible measurement of decision-making in mice. Elife. 2022 Oct 27; 11. International Brain Laboratory, Aguillon V, Angelaki DE, Bayer H, Bonacchi N, Carandini M, Cazettes F, Chapuis G, Churchland AK, Dan Y, Dewitt E, Faulkner M, Forrest H, Haetzel L, Häusser M, Hofer SB, Hu F, Khanal A, Krasniak C, Laranjeira I, Mainen ZF, Meijer G, Miska N, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Murakami M, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Rossant C, Sanders J, Socha K, Terry R, Urai AE, Vergara H, Wells M, Wilson C, Witten IB, Wool L, Zador AM. PMID: 36301084; PMCID: PMC9612911.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    14. Next-generation brain observatories. Neuron. 2022 11 16; 110(22):3661-3666. Koch C, Svoboda K, Bernard A, Basso MA, Churchland AK, Fairhall AL, Groblewski PA, Lecoq JA, Mainen ZF, Mathis MW, Olsen SR, Phillips JW, Pouget A, Saxena S, Siegle JH, Zador AM. PMID: 36240770.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    15. Mice alternate between discrete strategies during perceptual decision-making. Nat Neurosci. 2022 02; 25(2):201-212. Ashwood ZC, Roy NA, Stone IR, International Brain Laboratory, Urai AE, Churchland AK, Pouget A, Pillow JW. PMID: 35132235; PMCID: PMC8890994.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 45     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    16. Large-scale neural recordings call for new insights to link brain and behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2022 01; 25(1):11-19. Urai AE, Doiron B, Leifer AM, Churchland AK. PMID: 34980926.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 62     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    17. Natural and Artificial Intelligence: A brief introduction to the interplay between AI and neuroscience research. Neural Netw. 2021 Dec; 144:603-613. Macpherson T, Churchland A, Sejnowski T, DiCarlo J, Kamitani Y, Takahashi H, Hikida T. PMID: 34649035.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    
    18. Chronic, cortex-wide imaging of specific cell populations during behavior. Nat Protoc. 2021 07; 16(7):3241-3263. Couto J, Musall S, Sun XR, Khanal A, Gluf S, Saxena S, Kinsella I, Abe T, Cunningham JP, Paninski L, Churchland AK. PMID: 34075229; PMCID: PMC8788140.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 28     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    19. Standardized and reproducible measurement of decision-making in mice. Elife. 2021 05 20; 10. International Brain Laboratory, Aguillon-Rodriguez V, Angelaki D, Bayer H, Bonacchi N, Carandini M, Cazettes F, Chapuis G, Churchland AK, Dan Y, Dewitt E, Faulkner M, Forrest H, Haetzel L, Häusser M, Hofer SB, Hu F, Khanal A, Krasniak C, Laranjeira I, Mainen ZF, Meijer G, Miska NJ, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Murakami M, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Rossant C, Sanders J, Socha K, Terry R, Urai AE, Vergara H, Wells M, Wilson CJ, Witten IB, Wool LE, Zador AM. PMID: 34011433; PMCID: PMC8137147.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 63     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    20. Citric Acid Water as an Alternative to Water Restriction for High-Yield Mouse Behavior. eNeuro. 2021 Jan-Feb; 8(1). Urai AE, Aguillon-Rodriguez V, Laranjeira IC, Cazettes F, International Brain Laboratory, Mainen ZF, Churchland AK. PMID: 33431508; PMCID: PMC7890523.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    21. Lapses in perceptual decisions reflect exploration. Elife. 2021 01 11; 10. Pisupati S, Chartarifsky-Lynn L, Khanal A, Churchland AK. PMID: 33427198; PMCID: PMC7846276.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 42     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    22. BRICseq Bridges Brain-wide Interregional Connectivity to Neural Activity and Gene Expression in Single Animals. Cell. 2020 Dec 23; 183(7):2040. Huang L, Kebschull JM, Fürth D, Musall S, Kaufman MT, Churchland AK, Zador AM. PMID: 33357401; PMCID: PMC8830377.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    
    23. BRICseq Bridges Brain-wide Interregional Connectivity to Neural Activity and Gene Expression in Single Animals. Cell. 2020 07 09; 182(1):177-188.e27. Huang L, Kebschull JM, Fürth D, Musall S, Kaufman MT, Churchland AK, Zador AM. PMID: 32619423; PMCID: PMC7771207.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 27     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    24. Localized semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (LocaNMF) of widefield calcium imaging data. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020 04; 16(4):e1007791. Saxena S, Kinsella I, Musall S, Kim SH, Meszaros J, Thibodeaux DN, Kim C, Cunningham J, Hillman EMC, Churchland A, Paninski L. PMID: 32282806; PMCID: PMC7179949.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 28     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    25. Implanting and Recycling Neuropixels Probes for Recordings in Freely Moving Mice. Bio Protoc. 2020 Feb 05; 10(3):e3503. Juavinett AL, Bekheet G, Churchland AK. PMID: 33654730; PMCID: PMC7842404.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    26. Excitatory and Inhibitory Subnetworks Are Equally Selective during Decision-Making and Emerge Simultaneously during Learning. Neuron. 2020 01 08; 105(1):165-179.e8. Najafi F, Elsayed GF, Cao R, Pnevmatikakis E, Latham PE, Cunningham JP, Churchland AK. PMID: 31753580; PMCID: PMC6952547.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 36     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    27. Harnessing behavioral diversity to understand neural computations for cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2019 10; 58:229-238. Musall S, Urai AE, Sussillo D, Churchland AK. PMID: 31670073; PMCID: PMC6931281.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    28. Single-trial neural dynamics are dominated by richly varied movements. Nat Neurosci. 2019 10; 22(10):1677-1686. Musall S, Kaufman MT, Juavinett AL, Gluf S, Churchland AK. PMID: 31551604; PMCID: PMC6768091.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 365     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    29. Chronically implanted Neuropixels probes enable high-yield recordings in freely moving mice. Elife. 2019 08 14; 8. Juavinett AL, Bekheet G, Churchland AK. PMID: 31411559; PMCID: PMC6707768.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 64     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    30. Perceptual Decision-Making: A Field in the Midst of a Transformation. Neuron. 2018 10 24; 100(2):453-462. Najafi F, Churchland AK. PMID: 30359608; PMCID: PMC6427923.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    31. Visual Evidence Accumulation Guides Decision-Making in Unrestrained Mice. J Neurosci. 2018 11 21; 38(47):10143-10155. Odoemene O, Pisupati S, Nguyen H, Churchland AK. PMID: 30322902; PMCID: PMC6246883.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    32. Decision-making behaviors: weighing ethology, complexity, and sensorimotor compatibility. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2018 04; 49:42-50. Juavinett AL, Erlich JC, Churchland AK. PMID: 29179005; PMCID: PMC5889959.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 29     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    33. Posterior Parietal Cortex Guides Visual Decisions in Rats. J Neurosci. 2017 05 10; 37(19):4954-4966. Licata AM, Kaufman MT, Raposo D, Ryan MB, Sheppard JP, Churchland AK. PMID: 28408414; PMCID: PMC5426183.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 73     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    34. Many paths from state to state. Nat Neurosci. 2016 11 29; 19(12):1541-1542. Kaufman MT, Churchland AK. PMID: 27898087.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    35. Three challenges for connecting model to mechanism in decision-making. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016 Oct; 11:74-80. Churchland AK, Kiani R. PMID: 27403450; PMCID: PMC4937614.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 18  
    36. Decision Activity in Parietal Cortex - Leader or Follower? Trends Cogn Sci. 2016 11; 20(11):788-789. Pisupati S, Chartarifsky L, Churchland AK. PMID: 27686390.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    37. Conceptual and technical advances define a key moment for theoretical neuroscience. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Mar; 19(3):348-9. Churchland AK, Abbott LF. PMID: 26906500; PMCID: PMC5558605.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    38. Contributions from different model organisms to brain research: Introduction. Neuroscience. 2015 Jun 18; 296:1-2. Churchland A, Lisberger S. PMID: 25827113.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    39. Multisensory decisions provide support for probabilistic number representations. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Jun 01; 113(10):3490-8. Kanitscheider I, Brown A, Pouget A, Churchland AK. PMID: 25744886; PMCID: PMC4455484.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    40. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat Neurosci. 2014 Dec; 17(12):1784-1792. Raposo D, Kaufman MT, Churchland AK. PMID: 25383902; PMCID: PMC4294797.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 222     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    41. Listening for the right sounds. Neuron. 2014 Jun 04; 82(5):944-5. Odoemene O, Churchland AK. PMID: 24908479.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    42. Integration of direction cues is invariant to the temporal gap between them. J Neurosci. 2013 Oct 16; 33(42):16483-9. Kiani R, Churchland AK, Shadlen MN. PMID: 24133253; PMCID: PMC3797371.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    43. Probing perceptual decisions in rodents. Nat Neurosci. 2013 Jul; 16(7):824-31. Carandini M, Churchland AK. PMID: 23799475; PMCID: PMC4105200.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 149     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    44. Dynamic weighting of multisensory stimuli shapes decision-making in rats and humans. J Vis. 2013 May 08; 13(6). Sheppard JP, Raposo D, Churchland AK. PMID: 23658374; PMCID: PMC3649064.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    45. Cognitive neuroscience: sensory noise drives bad decisions. Nature. 2013 Apr 11; 496(7444):172-3. Kaufman MT, Churchland AK. PMID: 23579673.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    46. New advances in understanding decisions among multiple alternatives. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Dec; 22(6):920-6. Churchland AK, Ditterich J. PMID: 22554881; PMCID: PMC3422607.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    47. Multisensory decision-making in rats and humans. J Neurosci. 2012 Mar 14; 32(11):3726-35. Raposo D, Sheppard JP, Schrater PR, Churchland AK. PMID: 22423093; PMCID: PMC3335889.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 104     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    48. The cost of accumulating evidence in perceptual decision making. J Neurosci. 2012 Mar 14; 32(11):3612-28. Drugowitsch J, Moreno-Bote R, Churchland AK, Shadlen MN, Pouget A. PMID: 22423085; PMCID: PMC3329788.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 217     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    49. Normalizing relations between the senses. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Jun; 14(6):672-3. Churchland AK. PMID: 21613993.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    50. Variance as a signature of neural computations during decision making. Neuron. 2011 Feb 24; 69(4):818-31. Churchland AK, Kiani R, Chaudhuri R, Wang XJ, Pouget A, Shadlen MN. PMID: 21338889; PMCID: PMC3066020.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 172     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    51. Probabilistic population codes for Bayesian decision making. Neuron. 2008 Dec 26; 60(6):1142-52. Beck JM, Ma WJ, Kiani R, Hanks T, Churchland AK, Roitman J, Shadlen MN, Latham PE, Pouget A. PMID: 19109917; PMCID: PMC2742921.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 272     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    52. Decision-making with multiple alternatives. Nat Neurosci. 2008 Jun; 11(6):693-702. Churchland AK, Kiani R, Shadlen MN. PMID: 18488024; PMCID: PMC2453226.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 304     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    53. Responses of neurons in the medial superior temporal visual area to apparent motion stimuli in macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jan; 97(1):272-82. Churchland AK, Huang X, Lisberger SG. PMID: 17021018; PMCID: PMC2476927.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    54. Relationship between extraretinal component of firing rate and eye speed in area MST of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2005 Oct; 94(4):2416-26. Churchland AK, Lisberger SG. PMID: 15944236; PMCID: PMC2582193.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    55. Discharge properties of MST neurons that project to the frontal pursuit area in macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2005 Aug; 94(2):1084-90. Churchland AK, Lisberger SG. PMID: 15872067; PMCID: PMC2582194.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    56. Directional anisotropies reveal a functional segregation of visual motion processing for perception and action. Neuron. 2003 Mar 27; 37(6):1001-11. Churchland AK, Gardner JL, Chou Ih, Priebe NJ, Lisberger SG. PMID: 12670428.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    57. Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23; 99(15):10114-9. Blake DT, Strata F, Churchland AK, Merzenich MM. PMID: 12119383; PMCID: PMC126633.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 60     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    58. Gain control in human smooth-pursuit eye movements. J Neurophysiol. 2002 Jun; 87(6):2936-45. Churchland AK, Lisberger SG. PMID: 12037197; PMCID: PMC2582523.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 30     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    59. Partial ablations of the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus in monkeys cause linked deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements and adaptive modification of the VOR. J Neurophysiol. 2002 Feb; 87(2):912-24. Rambold H, Churchland A, Selig Y, Jasmin L, Lisberger SG. PMID: 11826056; PMCID: PMC2629758.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 70     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    60. Early developments in the ability to understand the relation between stimulus and reward. Dev Psychol. 1999 Nov; 35(6):1507-17. Diamond A, Churchland A, Cruess L, Kirkham NZ. PMID: 10563738.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    61. Changes in red blood cell volume on fixation in glutaraldehyde solutions. Histochemistry. 1976 Jul 30; 48(1):7-16. Squier CA, Hart JS, Churchland A. PMID: 825484.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
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