Gordon L Fain

Title(s)Recalled Professor, Ophthalmology
SchoolMedicine
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0002-9813-0342 Additional info
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    Title(s)Professor Emeritus, Ophthalmology


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    Stanford, Palo Alto, CABA06/1968Biology
    Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MDPhD05/1973Biophysics

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    A vertebrate photoreceptor uses a G-protein receptor (rhodopsin) and a G-protein cascade to produce the electrical response that signals a change in light intensity. Powerful new techniques have made it possible to understand the working of this cascade in extraordinary detail. The reason for this is that practically every protein involved in the cascade in a photoreceptor, from the pigment molecule rhodopsin to the G-protein and channels, but including also a large number of control proteins, are expressed only in the photoreceptors and nowhere else in the body. This makes it possible with genetic techniques to create mice in which these proteins have been knocked out, over or under expressed, or replaced with proteins of modified structure. We use electrical recording to study the effects of such genetic alterations on the light responses of mouse rods and cones, in order to understand the role of these proteins in the visual cascade. We are especially interested in modulatory enzymes and their function in light and dark adaptation. We also have a long-standing interest in mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in genetically inherited disease.

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    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    1. The role of the Ca2+-activated Cl- conductance in the membrane potential and light response of mouse rods. J Neurosci. 2025 Apr 25. Frederiksen R, Bonezzi PJ, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 40280711.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    2. Evolution of rod bipolar cells and rod vision. J Physiol. 2025 Jan 07. Frederiksen R, Peng YR, Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 39775947.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    3. Molecular characterization of the sea lamprey retina illuminates the evolutionary origin of retinal cell types. Nat Commun. 2024 12 30; 15(1):10761. Wang J, Zhang L, Cavallini M, Pahlevan A, Sun J, Morshedian A, Fain GL, Sampath AP, Peng YR. PMID: 39737973; PMCID: PMC11685597.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    
    4. RDH12 allows cone photoreceptors to regenerate opsin visual pigments from a chromophore precursor to escape competition with rods. Curr Biol. 2024 Aug 05; 34(15):3342-3353.e6. Kaylor JJ, Frederiksen R, Bedrosian CK, Huang M, Stennis-Weatherspoon D, Huynh T, Ngan T, Mulamreddy V, Sampath AP, Fain GL, Travis GH. PMID: 38981477; PMCID: PMC11303097.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    5. The mechanism of genetically inherited night blindness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 May 28; 121(22):e2408254121. Fain GL. PMID: 38768361; PMCID: PMC11145283.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    6. Genetic manipulation of rod-cone differences in mouse retina. PLoS One. 2024; 19(5):e0300584. Morshedian A, Jiang Z, Radu RA, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 38709779; PMCID: PMC11073714.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    7. A Novel Role for UNC119 as an Enhancer of Synaptic Transmission. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 30; 24(9). Fehlhaber KE, Majumder A, Boyd KK, Griffis KG, Artemyev NO, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 37175812; PMCID: PMC10178850.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    8. Cones and cone pathways remain functional in advanced retinal degeneration. Curr Biol. 2023 04 24; 33(8):1513-1522.e4. Ellis EM, Paniagua AE, Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Rathinavelu J, Jiao Y, Williams DS, Field GD, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 36977418; PMCID: PMC10133175.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    
    9. Vision: Life on the dark side. Curr Biol. 2022 07 11; 32(13):R741-R743. Fain GL. PMID: 35820384; PMCID: PMC9425726.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    10. A hyperpolarizing rod bipolar cell in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J Exp Biol. 2022 04 15; 225(8). Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 35319772; PMCID: PMC10658897.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    
    11. Reproducibility of the Rod Photoreceptor Response Depends Critically on the Concentration of the Phosphodiesterase Effector Enzyme. J Neurosci. 2022 03 16; 42(11):2180-2189. Morshedian A, Sendek G, Ng SY, Boyd K, Radu RA, Liu M, Artemyev NO, Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 35091503; PMCID: PMC8936574.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    
    12. Analysis of waveform and amplitude of mouse rod and cone flash responses. J Physiol. 2021 07; 599(13):3295-3312. Abtout A, Fain G, Reingruber J. PMID: 33977528; PMCID: PMC8259453.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    13. Light responses of mammalian cones. Pflugers Arch. 2021 09; 473(9):1555-1568. Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 33742309; PMCID: PMC9413617.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    
    14. Rod Photoreceptors Avoid Saturation in Bright Light by the Movement of the G Protein Transducin. J Neurosci. 2021 04 14; 41(15):3320-3330. Frederiksen R, Morshedian A, Tripathy SA, Xu T, Travis GH, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 33593858; PMCID: PMC8051685.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    
    15. Pupillary light reflex of lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Curr Biol. 2021 01 25; 31(2):R65-R66. Morshedian A, Huynh TH, Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 33497630; PMCID: PMC9406759.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    
    16. Elevated energy requirement of cone photoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 08 11; 117(32):19599-19603. Ingram NT, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 32719136; PMCID: PMC7431031.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 41     Fields:    
    17. A kinetic analysis of mouse rod and cone photoreceptor responses. J Physiol. 2020 09; 598(17):3747-3763. Reingruber J, Ingram NT, Griffis KG, Fain GL. PMID: 32557629; PMCID: PMC7484371.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    18. Separate ON and OFF pathways in vertebrate vision first arose during the Cambrian. Curr Biol. 2020 06 08; 30(11):R633-R634. Ellis EM, Frederiksen R, Morshedian A, Fain GL, Sampath AP. PMID: 32516608; PMCID: PMC9413601.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    19. Diminished Cone Sensitivity in cpfl3 Mice Is Caused by Defective Transducin Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020 04 09; 61(4):26. Chen NS, Ingram NT, Frederiksen R, Sampath AP, Chen J, Fain GL. PMID: 32315379; PMCID: PMC7401474.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    
    20. Membrane conductances of mouse cone photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol. 2020 03 02; 152(3). Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 31986199; PMCID: PMC7054858.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    
    21. Lamprey vision: Photoreceptors and organization of the retina. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2020 10; 106:5-11. Fain GL. PMID: 31711759.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    22. Voltage-clamp recordings of light responses from wild-type and mutant mouse cone photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol. 2019 11 04; 151(11):1287-1299. Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 31562185; PMCID: PMC6829558.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 20     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    23. Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells. Neuron. 2019 06 19; 102(6):1172-1183.e5. Morshedian A, Kaylor JJ, Ng SY, Tsan A, Frederiksen R, Xu T, Yuan L, Sampath AP, Radu RA, Fain GL, Travis GH. PMID: 31056353; PMCID: PMC6586478.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 55     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    24. The PDE6 mutation in the rd10 retinal degeneration mouse model causes protein mislocalization and instability and promotes cell death through increased ion influx. J Biol Chem. 2018 10 05; 293(40):15332-15346. Wang T, Reingruber J, Woodruff ML, Majumder A, Camarena A, Artemyev NO, Fain GL, Chen J. PMID: 30126843; PMCID: PMC6177582.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    25. Rod and cone interactions in the retina. F1000Res. 2018; 7. Fain G, Sampath AP. PMID: 29899971; PMCID: PMC5968360.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 29     Fields:    
    26. Role of recoverin in rod photoreceptor light adaptation. J Physiol. 2018 04 15; 596(8):1513-1526. Morshedian A, Woodruff ML, Fain GL. PMID: 29435986; PMCID: PMC5899990.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    27. Cambrian origin of the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A1-to-A2 switch, a key mechanism of vertebrate sensory plasticity. R Soc Open Sci. 2017 Jul; 4(7):170362. Morshedian A, Toomey MB, Pollock GE, Frederiksen R, Enright JM, McCormick SD, Cornwall MC, Fain GL, Corbo JC. PMID: 28791166; PMCID: PMC5541561.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13  
    28. Light adaptation and the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors. J Physiol. 2017 07 15; 595(14):4947-4960. Morshedian A, Fain GL. PMID: 28488783; PMCID: PMC5509883.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    29. Blue light regenerates functional visual pigments in mammals through a retinyl-phospholipid intermediate. Nat Commun. 2017 05 04; 8(1):16. Kaylor JJ, Xu T, Ingram NT, Tsan A, Hakobyan H, Fain GL, Travis GH. PMID: 28473692; PMCID: PMC5432035.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 28     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    30. The evolution of rod photoreceptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017 Apr 05; 372(1717). Morshedian A, Fain GL. PMID: 28193819; PMCID: PMC5312024.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    31. Why are rods more sensitive than cones? J Physiol. 2016 10 01; 594(19):5415-26. Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 27218707; PMCID: PMC5043029.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 66     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    32. Phototransduction: Making the Chromophore to See Through the Murk. Curr Biol. 2015 Dec 07; 25(23):R1126-7. Fain GL. PMID: 26654369.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    33. How rods respond to single photons: Key adaptations of a G-protein cascade that enable vision at the physical limit of perception. Bioessays. 2015 Nov; 37(11):1243-52. Reingruber J, Holcman D, Fain GL. PMID: 26354340; PMCID: PMC4629483.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    34. Rhodopsin kinase and recoverin modulate phosphodiesterase during mouse photoreceptor light adaptation. J Gen Physiol. 2015 Mar; 145(3):213-24. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Fain GL. PMID: 25667411; PMCID: PMC4338159.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    35. Single-photon sensitivity of lamprey rods with cone-like outer segments. Curr Biol. 2015 Feb 16; 25(4):484-7. Morshedian A, Fain GL. PMID: 25660538; PMCID: PMC4334710.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    36. Effect of knocking down the insulin receptor on mouse rod responses. Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 19; 5:7858. Woodruff ML, Rajala A, Fain GL, Rajala RV. PMID: 25598343; PMCID: PMC4297982.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    37. Modulation of mouse rod photoreceptor responses by Grb14 protein. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jan 03; 289(1):358-64. Woodruff ML, Rajala A, Fain GL, Rajala RV. PMID: 24273167; PMCID: PMC3879558.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    38. Detection of single photons by toad and mouse rods. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 26; 110(48):19378-83. Reingruber J, Pahlberg J, Woodruff ML, Sampath AP, Fain GL, Holcman D. PMID: 24214653; PMCID: PMC3845110.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    39. Modulation of mouse rod response decay by rhodopsin kinase and recoverin. J Neurosci. 2012 Nov 07; 32(45):15998-6006. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Chen FS, Chen Y, Cilluffo MC, Tranchina D, Fain GL. PMID: 23136436; PMCID: PMC3501282.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 36     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    40. Loss of caveolin-1 impairs retinal function due to disturbance of subretinal microenvironment. J Biol Chem. 2012 May 11; 287(20):16424-34. Li X, McClellan ME, Tanito M, Garteiser P, Towner R, Bissig D, Berkowitz BA, Fliesler SJ, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Birch DG, Khan MS, Ash JD, Elliott MH. PMID: 22451674; PMCID: PMC3351350.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 33     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    41. Adaptation of mammalian photoreceptors to background light: putative role for direct modulation of phosphodiesterase. Mol Neurobiol. 2011 Dec; 44(3):374-82. Fain GL. PMID: 21922272; PMCID: PMC3230732.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15     Fields:    
    42. Effect of the ILE86TER mutation in the γ subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) on rod photoreceptor signaling. Cell Signal. 2012 Jan; 24(1):181-8. Tsang SH, Woodruff ML, Lin CS, Jacobson BD, Naumann MC, Hsu CW, Davis RJ, Cilluffo MC, Chen J, Fain GL. PMID: 21920434; PMCID: PMC3205198.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    
    43. Channel modulation and the mechanism of light adaptation in mouse rods. J Neurosci. 2010 Dec 01; 30(48):16232-40. Chen J, Woodruff ML, Wang T, Concepcion FA, Tranchina D, Fain GL. PMID: 21123569; PMCID: PMC3010974.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 42     Fields:    
    44. Phototransduction and the evolution of photoreceptors. Curr Biol. 2010 Feb 09; 20(3):R114-24. Fain GL, Hardie R, Laughlin SB. PMID: 20144772; PMCID: PMC2898276.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 119     Fields:    
    45. Background light produces a recoverin-dependent modulation of activated-rhodopsin lifetime in mouse rods. J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 27; 30(4):1213-20. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Chen FS, Chen D, Fain GL. PMID: 20107049; PMCID: PMC2824328.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    
    46. Physiological studies of the interaction between opsin and chromophore in rod and cone visual pigments. Methods Mol Biol. 2010; 652:95-114. Kefalov VJ, Cornwall MC, Fain GL. PMID: 20552424; PMCID: PMC3561676.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    47. Setting the absolute threshold of vision. F1000 Biol Rep. 2009 Aug 26; 1:66. Sampath AP, Fain GL. PMID: 20495680; PMCID: PMC2873777.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    48. Knockout of GARPs and the β-subunit of the rod cGMP-gated channel disrupts disk morphogenesis and rod outer segment structural integrity. J Cell Sci. 2009 Apr 15; 122(Pt 8):1192-200. Zhang Y, Molday LL, Molday RS, Sarfare SS, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Kraft TW, Pittler SJ. PMID: 19339551; PMCID: PMC2714441.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 58     Fields:    
    49. ATP consumption by mammalian rod photoreceptors in darkness and in light. Curr Biol. 2008 Dec 23; 18(24):1917-21. Okawa H, Sampath AP, Laughlin SB, Fain GL. PMID: 19084410; PMCID: PMC2615811.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 203     Fields:    
    50. Night blindness and the mechanism of constitutive signaling of mutant G90D rhodopsin. J Neurosci. 2008 Nov 05; 28(45):11662-72. Dizhoor AM, Woodruff ML, Olshevskaya EV, Cilluffo MC, Cornwall MC, Sieving PA, Fain GL. PMID: 18987202; PMCID: PMC2590870.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 29     Fields:    
    51. Functional rescue of degenerating photoreceptors in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic cGMP phosphodiesterase 6 b allele (Pde6bH620Q). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Nov; 49(11):5067-76. Davis RJ, Tosi J, Janisch KM, Kasanuki JM, Wang NK, Kong J, Tsui I, Cilluffo M, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Lin CS, Tsang SH. PMID: 18658088; PMCID: PMC2715364.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 38     Fields:    
    52. Modulation of phosphodiesterase6 turnoff during background illumination in mouse rod photoreceptors. J Neurosci. 2008 Feb 27; 28(9):2064-74. Woodruff ML, Janisch KM, Peshenko IV, Dizhoor AM, Tsang SH, Fain GL. PMID: 18305241; PMCID: PMC2750778.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 36     Fields:    
    53. Constitutive excitation by Gly90Asp rhodopsin rescues rods from degeneration caused by elevated production of cGMP in the dark. J Neurosci. 2007 Aug 15; 27(33):8805-15. Woodruff ML, Olshevskaya EV, Savchenko AB, Peshenko IV, Barrett R, Bush RA, Sieving PA, Fain GL, Dizhoor AM. PMID: 17699662; PMCID: PMC2673730.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 42     Fields:    
    54. Simultaneous measurement of current and calcium in the ultraviolet-sensitive cones of zebrafish. J Physiol. 2007 Feb 15; 579(Pt 1):15-27. Leung YT, Fain GL, Matthews HR. PMID: 17124271; PMCID: PMC2075373.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    55. Effects of low AIPL1 expression on phototransduction in rods. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 May; 47(5):2185-94. Makino CL, Wen XH, Michaud N, Peshenko IV, Pawlyk B, Brush RS, Soloviev M, Liu X, Woodruff ML, Calvert PD, Savchenko AB, Anderson RE, Fain GL, Li T, Sandberg MA, Dizhoor AM. PMID: 16639031.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    56. GAP-independent termination of photoreceptor light response by excess gamma subunit of the cGMP-phosphodiesterase. J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 26; 26(17):4472-80. Tsang SH, Woodruff ML, Chen CK, Yamashita CY, Cilluffo MC, Rao AL, Farber DB, Fain GL. PMID: 16641226; PMCID: PMC2852461.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    
    57. Why photoreceptors die (and why they don't). Bioessays. 2006 Apr; 28(4):344-54. Fain GL. PMID: 16547945.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 41     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    58. Opsin activation of transduction in the rods of dark-reared Rpe65 knockout mice. J Physiol. 2005 Oct 01; 568(Pt 1):83-95. Fan J, Woodruff ML, Cilluffo MC, Crouch RK, Fain GL. PMID: 15994181; PMCID: PMC1474752.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 49     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    59. AIPL1, the protein that is defective in Leber congenital amaurosis, is essential for the biosynthesis of retinal rod cGMP phosphodiesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 21; 101(38):13903-8. Liu X, Bulgakov OV, Wen XH, Woodruff ML, Pawlyk B, Yang J, Fain GL, Sandberg MA, Makino CL, Li T. PMID: 15365173; PMCID: PMC518851.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 38     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    60. The Y99C mutation in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 increases intracellular Ca2+ and causes photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2004 Jul 07; 24(27):6078-85. Olshevskaya EV, Calvert PD, Woodruff ML, Peshenko IV, Savchenko AB, Makino CL, Ho YS, Fain GL, Dizhoor AM. PMID: 15240799; PMCID: PMC6729660.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 48     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    61. Light-induced Ca2+ release in the visible cones of the zebrafish. Vis Neurosci. 2004 Jul-Aug; 21(4):599-609. Cilluffo MC, Matthews HR, Brockerhoff SE, Fain GL. PMID: 15579223.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    62. Early receptor current of wild-type and transducin knockout mice: photosensitivity and light-induced Ca2+ release. J Physiol. 2004 Jun 15; 557(Pt 3):821-8. Woodruff ML, Lem J, Fain GL. PMID: 15073279; PMCID: PMC1665159.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 28     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    63. Constitutive opsin signaling: night blindness or retinal degeneration? Trends Mol Med. 2004 Apr; 10(4):150-7. Lem J, Fain GL. PMID: 15059605.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    64. Spontaneous activity of opsin apoprotein is a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis. Nat Genet. 2003 Oct; 35(2):158-64. Woodruff ML, Wang Z, Chung HY, Redmond TM, Fain GL, Lem J. PMID: 14517541.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 75     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    65. The effect of light on outer segment calcium in salamander rods. J Physiol. 2003 Nov 01; 552(Pt 3):763-76. Matthews HR, Fain GL. PMID: 12949220; PMCID: PMC2343441.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    66. Light stimulates a transducin-independent increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and suppression of current in cones from the zebrafish mutant nof. J Neurosci. 2003 Jan 15; 23(2):470-80. Brockerhoff SE, Rieke F, Matthews HR, Taylor MR, Kennedy B, Ankoudinova I, Niemi GA, Tucker CL, Xiao M, Cilluffo MC, Fain GL, Hurley JB. PMID: 12533607; PMCID: PMC6741873.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    67. Measurement of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in the rods of wild-type and transducin knock-out mice. J Physiol. 2002 Aug 01; 542(Pt 3):843-54. Woodruff ML, Sampath AP, Matthews HR, Krasnoperova NV, Lem J, Fain GL. PMID: 12154183; PMCID: PMC2290451.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 103     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    68. Time course and magnitude of the calcium release induced by bright light in salamander rods. J Physiol. 2002 Aug 01; 542(Pt 3):829-41. Matthews HR, Fain GL. PMID: 12154182; PMCID: PMC2290437.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells